CatSper (cation channel of spermatozoa) is a sperm-specific Ca2+ channel located explicitly in the spermatozoon flagellum. It mediates flagellar hyperactivity, and is chemotactically responsive to progesterone8. CatSper is composed of 4 pore-forming subunits (CatSper1-4) with 6 transmembrane (TM) domains each, and of 3 auxiliary subunits: CatSperβ (2 TM domains), CatSperγ and CatSperδ (1 TM domain each). While all four CatSper proteins are necessary for the channel's function (and hence male fertility), each is synthesized independently. Trafficking to the flagellum requires the cooperation of all subunits.nCatSper1, the first identified subunit of the channel, is highly homologous to CaV channels; a voltage sensor domain (S1-S4) containing enough positively charged residues to confer weak voltage sensitivity to the channel2. Furthermore, its histidine-rich, intracellular amino terminus likely serves as the pH sensor necessary to induce hyperactivation (by permitting an influx of Ca2+). Indeed, intracellular alkaline pH (7.9-8.5) was shown to efficiently hyper-activate CatSper channels.